50 anos de pesquisa sobre a psicologia das lesões esportivas: Uma declaração de consenso

Ulrika Tranaeus; Adam Gledhill; Urban Johnson; Leslie Podlog; Ross Wadey; Diane Wiese Bjornstal; Andreas Ivarsson

Autores/as

Ulrika Tranaeus Stockholm Sports Trauma Research Centre, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden / Department of Physiology, Nutrition, Biomechanics, Sport Performance and Exercise Research and Innovation Centre-Stockholm, SPERIC-S, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden / Unit of Intervention and Implementation for Worker Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Adam Gledhill Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
Urban Johnson School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
Leslie Podlog School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Canada / Centre de Recherche, CHU-Saint Justine, Montreal, Canada
Ross Wadey St Mary’s University, Twickenham, London, UK
Diane Wiese Bjornstal School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, USA
Andreas Ivarsson School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden / Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway

Palabras clave:

Lesiones deportivas, psicología deportiva, medicina deportiva, rehabilitación

Resumen

Los factores que influyen en el riesgo de lesiones deportivas, los resultados de la rehabilitación y los procesos de retorno al deporte han sido objeto de estudio de diversas disciplinas (medicina deportiva, psicología y sociología). Una de estas disciplinas, con más de 50 años de estudio, es la psicología de las lesiones deportivas. A pesar de la investigación en este campo, no existe un consenso basado en la evidencia que guíe la práctica profesional. El objetivo de esta declaración de consenso, original y oportuna, es resumir la investigación sobre la psicología de las lesiones deportivas y proporcionar recomendaciones consensuadas para los profesionales del deporte que buscan implementar principios psicológicos en la práctica clínica. Un total de siete expertos con amplia experiencia definieron los objetivos del consenso e identificaron tres subdominios de la psicología de las lesiones deportivas: riesgo, rehabilitación y retorno al deporte. Los investigadores, agrupados en parejas, prepararon versiones iniciales de los subdominios asignados. El grupo se reunió en Estocolmo, y los tres textos se consolidaron en una versión final y se revisaron mediante un proceso iterativo. Las respuestas al estrés son el factor de riesgo psicológico más importante para las lesiones agudas. Los factores intra e interpersonales, así como los factores socioculturales, son factores de riesgo psicosociales comprobados para las lesiones por sobreuso. Se han implementado con éxito intervenciones de manejo del estrés y mindfulness para la prevención de lesiones. El proceso de rehabilitación puede influir en las respuestas cognitivas, emocionales y conductuales del atleta. El apoyo social, el mindfulness, las prácticas basadas en la aceptación y los programas de intervención cognitivo-conductual reducen las reacciones negativas. El regreso al deporte implica varias etapas y diferentes trayectorias. Los atletas que regresan al deporte suelen experimentar inquietudes relacionadas con la competencia, la autonomía y las relaciones interpersonales. Se recomienda que los atletas se centren en las exigencias físicas, técnicas y psicológicas de su deporte a medida que progresan hacia actividades cada vez más intensas. La colaboración interdisciplinaria (por ejemplo, medicina deportiva y psicología) sería beneficiosa para mejorar la práctica clínica y los resultados de los atletas.

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